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A penning is an old currency. The very first coins of this type was first minted by Pippin the Younger (741-768), father of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (768-814). The Silver Penning became Europe's primary currency in the period of ca. 800 to 1200. The penning used in nordic countries was a Norwegian coin first minted by the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason in the years 995-1000 in the image of Anglo-Saxon coinage. Swedish variants was minted from about 1150 until 1548, and remained a unit of account in Sweden until 1777. The penning was minted in imitation of the pennies, pfennig and deniers issued elsewhere in Europe. However, although based on these coins, the accounting system was distinct, with different systems operating in different regions. All used the ''öre'' (derived from the Latin ''aureus'') which was worth 1/8 of a mark or 3 örtugar. However in Svealand, one öre was worth 24 penningar, but in Götaland it was worth 48 penningar and 36 in roughly the Diocese of Linköping and on Gotland. Around 1300, by royal command, the Svealand standard became the national standard, except on Gotland. The örtug was first minted around 1370 and the öre was issued as a coin from 1522. In 1524, however, the real örtug was replaced in minted form with a new one, also known as ''halvöre'' (half öre), which had a little higher value (whereas one mark was divided into 24 örtugar, it was divided into 16 halvöre), but the old örtug remained as a counting unit until 1777. The conversion between the different units of currency in use at that time can be summarized as: In 1604, the daler was renamed the riksdaler. There followed a period of very complicated currency, during which both copper and silver versions of the different denominations circulated and the riksdaler rose in value relative to the other units. In 1777, the riksdaler became the basis of a new currency system and the penning ceased to exist. The name lives on in the Swedish language in the contracted form of the plural, ''pengar'', which means money. ==References== *(The History of the Swedish Monetary System ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Swedish penning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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